Laminar Flow
In fluid dynamics, laminar flow is characterized by smooth or regular paths of fluid particles, in contrast to turbulent flow, which is characterized by the irregular movement of particles of the fluid. The fluid flows in parallel layers (with minimal lateral mixing), with no disruption between the layers. Therefore the laminar flow is also referred to as streamline or viscous flow.
The term streamline flow is descriptive of the flow because, in laminar flow, layers of water flow over one another at different speeds with virtually no mixing between layers. Fluid particles move indefinite and observable paths or streamlines.
When a fluid is flowing through a closed channel such as a pipe or between two flat plates, either of two types of flow (laminar flow or turbulent flow) may occur depending on the velocity, viscosity of the fluid, and the size of the pipe (or on the Reynolds number). Laminar flow tends to occur at lower velocities and high viscosity.
Turbulent Flow
In fluid dynamics, turbulent flow is characterized by the fluid’s irregular movement of particles (one can say chaotic). In contrast to laminar flow, the fluid does not flow in parallel layers, the lateral mixing is very high, and there is a disruption between the layers. Turbulence is also characterized by recirculation, eddies, and apparent randomness. In turbulent flow, the speed of the fluid at a point is continuously undergoing changes in both magnitude and direction.
Detailed knowledge of the behavior of turbulent flow regimes is important in engineering because most industrial flows, especially those in nuclear engineering, are turbulent. Unfortunately, the highly intermittent and irregular character of turbulence complicates all analyses. Turbulence is often said to be the “last unsolved problem in classical mathematical physics.”
The main tool available for their analysis is CFD analysis. CFD is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical analysis and algorithms to solve and analyze problems that involve turbulent fluid flows. It is widely accepted that the Navier–Stokes equations (or simplified Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations) can exhibit turbulent solutions, and these equations are the basis for essentially all CFD codes.
All fluid flow is classified into one of two broad categories or regimes. These two flow regimes are:
- Single-phase Fluid Flow
- Multi-phase Fluid Flow (or Two-phase Fluid Flow)
This is a basic classification. All of the fluid flow equations (e.g.,, Bernoulli’s Equation) and relationships discussed in this section (Fluid Dynamics) were derived to flow a single phase of fluid, whether liquid or vapor. Solution of multi-phase fluid flow is very complex and difficult, and therefore it is usually in advanced courses of fluid dynamics.
Another usually more common classification of flow regimes is according to the shape and type of streamlines. All fluid flow is classified into one of two broad categories. The fluid flow can be either laminar or turbulent, and therefore these two categories are:
- Laminar Flow
- Turbulent Flow
Laminar flow is characterized by smooth or regular paths of particles of the fluid. Therefore the laminar flow is also referred to as streamline or viscous flow. In contrast to laminar flow, turbulent flow is characterized by the irregular movement of particles of the fluid. The turbulent fluid does not flow in parallel layers, the lateral mixing is very high, and there is a disruption between the layers. Most industrial flows, especially those in nuclear engineering, are turbulent.
The flow regime can also be classified according to the geometry of a conduit or flow area. From this point of view, we distinguish:
- Internal Flow
- External Flow
Internal flow is a flow for which the fluid is confined by a surface. Detailed knowledge of behaviour of internal flow regimes is of importance in engineering, because circular pipes can withstand high pressures and hence are used to convey liquids. On the other hand, external flow is such a flow in which boundary layers develop freely, without constraints imposed by adjacent surfaces. Detailed knowledge of behaviour of external flow regimes is of importance especially in aeronautics and aerodynamics.