Coefficient of Performance – Heat Pump, Refrigerator, Air Conditioner
In general, the thermal efficiency, ηth, of any heat engine as the ratio of the work it does, W, to the heat input at the high temperature, QH.
The thermal efficiency, ηth, represents the fraction of heat, QH, that is converted to work.
But in heat pumps and refrigerators, the work is not output. For refrigeration or heat pumps, thermal efficiency indicates the extent to which the energy added by work is converted to net heat output. There are two types of performance factors; COP and EER.
EER – Energy Efficiency Ratio
From an economic point of view, the best refrigeration cycle is one that removes the greatest amount of heat from the inside of the refrigerator (cold reservoir) for the least expenditure of mechanical work or electric energy. The relevant ratio is, therefore, the larger this ratio, the better the refrigerator. We call this ratio the coefficient of performance, denoted by COP. But for refrigeration cycle, the energy efficiency ratio is used instead of COP.
A room air conditioner’s efficiency is measured by the energy efficiency ratio (EER). The EER is the ratio of the cooling capacity to the power input. The higher the EER rating, the more efficient the air conditioner.
As you can see from the table, EER is highly dependent on operating conditions, especially absolute outdoor temperature and the difference between outdoor and indoor temperature.
COP – Coefficient of Performace
The coefficient of performance, COP, is defined for heat pumps, but at this point, we follow the net heat added to the hot reservoir. The COP usually exceeds 1, especially in heat pumps, because, instead of just converting work to heat, it pumps additional heat from a heat source to where the heat is required.
As you can see from the table, COP is highly dependent on operating conditions, especially absolute outdoor temperature and the difference between outdoor and indoor temperature.
Table of COP and EER – Example – Samsung Data Book
Coefficient of Performance – Heat Pump
For heating, the COP is the ratio of the heat added to the system (hot reservoir). Using the first law of thermodynamics, define COP also as the heat removed from the cold reservoir plus the input work to the input work.
For an ideal heat pump (without losses and irreversibilities) can be derived that:
These equations must use an absolute temperature scale (Tcold, Thot), and it is only a theoretical maximum efficiency. According to the above formula, the maximum achievable COP for Thot = 35 °C (308 K) and Tcold = 0 °C (273 K) would be 8.8. But in reality, the best systems are around 4.5.
As can be seen, the COP of a heat pump system can be improved by reducing the temperature difference (Thot – Tcold). Therefore, reducing the output temperature (Thot) is very efficient but requires very efficient heat transfer from the heat pump system to surroundings (i.e., use of piped floor). An increase in the input temperature (Tcold) means, for example, an oversized ground source of heat.
Coefficient of Performance – Refrigerator, Air Conditioner
The coefficient of performance, COP, of a refrigerator is defined as the heat removed from the cold reservoir Qcold (i.e., inside a refrigerator) divided by the work W done to remove the heat (i.e., the work done by the compressor).
As can be seen, the better (more efficient) the refrigerator is when more heat Qcold can be removed from the inside of the refrigerator for a given amount of work. Since the first law of thermodynamics must be valid also in this case (Qcold + W = Qhot), we can rewrite the above equation:
For an ideal refrigerator (without losses and irreversibilities) can be derived that:
These formulas are also applied for an air conditioner, which works very much like a refrigerator.
On the other hand, the COP for heating and cooling are different.
Example – Heat Pump – Heating and Air Conditioning
A reversible heat pump has a coefficient of performance COP = 3.0 when operated in the heating mode. Its compressor consumes 1500 W of electric energy.
- Calculate the amount of heat (Qhot) the heat pump can add to a room?
- If the heat pump were turned to the cooling mode (i.e., to act as an air conditioner in the summer), what would you expect its coefficient of performance to be? Assume all else stays the same and neglect all other losses.
Solution:
From the COP, which is defined as:
the amount of heat the heat pump can add to a room is equal to:
Qhot = COPheating x W = 3 x 1500 = 4500 W or 4500 J/s
In the case of the cooling mode, the heat pump (air conditioner) with a 1500 W motor can take heat Qcold from inside the house and then dump Qhot = 4500 W to the hot outside. Using the first law of thermodynamics, which states:
Qcold + W = Qhot,
we obtain the heat, Qcold = 3000 W. From the definition: COPcooling = 3000/1500 = 2.
Note that, in this example we have many assumptions. For example, we assumed that the temperature difference (Thot – Tcold) is the same for both modes. But we have swapped reservoirs, without any impact on COP. It is only an illustrative example.
