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Bohr Model of Atom

In atomic physics, the Bohr model of the atom (also known as the Rutherford-Bohr model) is the modern model of the hydrogen atom introduced by Danish physicist Niels Bohr. All features of Bohr’s model of the atom can be summarized in Bohr’s Postulates. The Bohr model adopted Planck’s quantum hypothesis, and he proposed a model in which the electrons of an atom were assumed to orbit the nucleus but could only do so in a finite set of orbits.

In atomic physics, the Bohr model of the atom (also known as the Rutherford-Bohr model) is the modern model of the hydrogen atom introduced by Danish physicist Niels Bohr working with Ernest Rutherford at the University of Manchester in 1913.

Failure of Classical Physics - Atomic NucleusThis model provides especially the solution to the problem of the failure of classical physics in the field of atomic physics. The classical electromagnetic theory makes three entirely wrong predictions about atoms:

  • atoms should emit light continuously,
  • atoms should be unstable,
  • the light they emit should have a continuous spectrum.

The Bohr model adopted Planck’s quantum hypothesis, and he proposed a model in which the electrons of an atom were assumed to orbit the nucleus but could only do so in a finite set of orbits. Planck’s quantum hypothesis (Planck’s law) is named after a German theoretical physicist Max Planck, who proposed it in 1900. Planck’s law is a pioneering result of modern physics and quantum theory. Planck’s hypothesis that energy is radiated and absorbed in discrete “quanta” (or energy packets) precisely matched the observed patterns of blackbody radiation and resolved the ultraviolet catastrophe.

Bohr model - atomBased on this hypothesis, Bohr postulated that an atom emits or absorbs energy only in discrete quanta corresponding to the absorption or radiation of a photon. During the emission of a photon, the internal energy of the atom changes by an amount equal to the energy of the photon. Therefore, each atom must be able to exist with only certain specific values of internal energy. Each stationary state is characterized by a specific amount of energy called its energy level. An atom can have an amount of internal energy equal to these possible energy levels, but it cannot have an energy intermediate between two levels.

The success of the Bohr model is in explaining the spectral lines of atomic hydrogen and the Rydberg formula for the spectral emission lines. Bohr’s theory was the first to successfully account for the discrete energy levels of this radiation as measured in the laboratory. The emission line spectrum of hydrogen tells us that atoms of that element emit photons with only certain specific frequencies ƒ and hence certain energies equal to E = hƒ, where h = Planck’s constant = 6.63 x 10-34 J.s and f = frequency of the photon.

Although Bohr’s atomic model is designed specifically to explain the hydrogen atom, his theories generally apply to the structure of all atoms. Subsequently, Bohr extended the model of hydrogen to give an approximate model for heavier atoms. Like carbon or oxygen, Heavier atoms have more protons in the nucleus and more electrons to cancel the charge. Bohr’s idea was that each discrete orbit could only hold a certain number of electrons. In 1922, Niels Bohr updated his model of the atom by assuming that certain numbers of electrons corresponded to stable “closed shells.” After that orbit is full, the next energy level will be used. This defines an electron shell, which is the set of allowed states, and it gives the atom an electron shell structure.

Bohr’s Postulates

All these features of Bohr’s model of the atom can be summarized in Bohr’s Postulates:

  1. Electrons in atoms orbit the nucleus.
  2. An atom can exist only in certain specific energy states, in which an electron can reside without the emission of radiant energy.
  3. Transmission between stationary states can occur only by jumping from one allowed orbit to another, and this process produces/absorbs only a discrete quantum of electromagnetic radiation.
  4. The angular momentum of a stationary electron is also quantized.
References:
Nuclear and Reactor Physics:
  1. J. R. Lamarsh, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1983).
  2. J. R. Lamarsh, A. J. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1.
  3. W. M. Stacey, Nuclear Reactor Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1.
  4. Glasstone, Sesonske. Nuclear Reactor Engineering: Reactor Systems Engineering, Springer; 4th edition, 1994, ISBN: 978-0412985317
  5. W.S.C. Williams. Nuclear and Particle Physics. Clarendon Press; 1 edition, 1991, ISBN: 978-0198520467
  6. G.R.Keepin. Physics of Nuclear Kinetics. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co; 1st edition, 1965
  7. Robert Reed Burn, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Operation, 1988.
  8. U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 and 2. January 1993.
  9. Paul Reuss, Neutron Physics. EDP Sciences, 2008. ISBN: 978-2759800414.

Advanced Reactor Physics:

  1. K. O. Ott, W. A. Bezella, Introductory Nuclear Reactor Statics, American Nuclear Society, Revised edition (1989), 1989, ISBN: 0-894-48033-2.
  2. K. O. Ott, R. J. Neuhold, Introductory Nuclear Reactor Dynamics, American Nuclear Society, 1985, ISBN: 0-894-48029-4.
  3. D. L. Hetrick, Dynamics of Nuclear Reactors, American Nuclear Society, 1993, ISBN: 0-894-48453-2. 
  4. E. E. Lewis, W. F. Miller, Computational Methods of Neutron Transport, American Nuclear Society, 1993, ISBN: 0-894-48452-4.

See above:

Atomic Theory